“Which occupations have gone how far in professionalizing? Established solidly since the late Middle Ages have been law, the clergy, university teaching (although the church did dominate universities, medieval faculty were by no means all clergy), and to some extent medicine (especially in Italy). During the Renaissance and after, the military provided professional careers for a dispossessed aristocracy. Officer cadres in the standing armies of Europe from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries developed a professionalism based on a sense of brotherhood in a self-regulating fraternity dedicated to codes of honor and service. Dentistry, architecture, and some areas of engineering (e.g., civil engineering) were professionalized by the early 1900's; certified public accounting and several scientific and engineering fields came along more recently. Some are still in process-social work, correctional work, veterinary medicine, perhaps city planning and various managerial jobs for nonprofit organizations-school superintendents, foundation executives, administrators of social agencies and hospitals. There are many borderline cases, such as school teaching, librarianship, nursing, pharmacy, optometry. Finally, many occupations will assert claims to professional status and find that the claims are honored by no one but themselves. I am inclined to place here occupations in which a market orientation is overwhelming- public relations, advertising, and funeral directing”
Wilensky, Harold. “The Professionalization of Everyone” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 70, No. 2 (Sep., 1964), pp. 137-158
No comments:
Post a Comment